Refusal as Silence: Gendered disparities in Vision-Language Model Responses
New Media and Society (2026) Authors: Sha Luo, Sang Jung Kim, Zening Duan, Kaiping Chen Abstract: Refusal behavior by Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly visible in content moderation, yet little is known about how refusals vary by the identity of the user making the request. This study investigates refusal as a sociotechnical outcome through a …